- Ubuntu Openssl Generate Key Pair 1
- Ubuntu Openssl Generate Key Pair Number
- Ubuntu Openssl Generate Key Pair Key
- Ubuntu Openssl Generate Key Pair List
< Cryptography
Download and install the OpenSSL runtimes. If you are running Windows, grab the Cygwin package.
OpenSSL can generate several kinds of public/private keypairs.RSA is the most common kind of keypair generation.[1]
- You're not missing anything. Ubuntu, and other distros, could not ship the OpenSSL key module due to licensing issues with the GPLv2-licensed libecryptfs. The copyright holders to the OpenSSL key module recently added an exception that should allow distros to ship the OpenSSL key module.
- Cryptography/Generate a keypair using OpenSSL. From Wikibooks, open books for an open world. Other popular ways of generating RSA public key / private key pairs include PuTTYgen and ssh-keygen. Private exponent, and primes used to create keys (prime1, also called p, and prime2, also called q), a few other variables used to perform RSA.
- How to create pfx file from private public key? Why can't I use an OpenSSL key pair with ecryptfs? Ubuntu 14.04LTS How to generate an a Windows Azure.
Other popular ways of generating RSA public key / private key pairs include PuTTYgen and ssh-keygen.[2][3]
Generate an RSA keypair with a 2048 bit private key[edit]
SiteGround uses key-based authentication for SSH. This has proven more secure over standard username/password authentication. More information on SSH keys can be found here. You can generate an SSH key pair directly in cPanel, or you can generate the keys yourself and just upload the public one in cPanel to use with your hosting account.
Execute command: 'openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out private_key.pem -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048'[4] (previously “openssl genrsa -out private_key.pem 2048”)
e.g.
Make sure to prevent other users from reading your key by executing chmod go-r private_key.pem afterward.
Extracting the public key from an RSA keypair[edit]
Execute command: 'openssl rsa -pubout -in private_key.pem -out public_key.pem'
e.g.
A new file is created, public_key.pem, with the public key.
It is relatively easy to do some cryptographic calculations to calculate the public key from the prime1 and prime2 values in the public key file.However, OpenSSL has already pre-calculated the public key and stored it in the private key file.So this command doesn't actually do any cryptographic calculation -- it merely copies the public key bytes out of the file and writes the Base64 PEM encoded version of those bytes into the output public key file.[5]
Viewing the key elements[edit]
Execute command: 'openssl rsa -text -in private_key.pem'
All parts of private_key.pem are printed to the screen. This includes the modulus (also referred to as public key and n), public exponent (also referred to as e and exponent; default value is 0x010001), private exponent, and primes used to create keys (prime1, also called p, and prime2, also called q), a few other variables used to perform RSA operations faster, and the Base64 PEM encoded version of all that data.[6](The Base64 PEM encoded version of all that data is identical to the private_key.pem file).
Password-less login[edit]
Often a person will set up an automated backup process that periodically backs up all the content on one 'working' computer onto some other 'backup' computer.
Because that person wants this process to run every night, even if no human is anywhere near either one of these computers, using a 'password-protected' private key won't work -- that person wants the backup to proceed right away, not wait until some human walks by and types in the password to unlock the private key.Many of these people generate 'a private key with no password'.[7]Some of these people, instead, generate a private key with a password,and then somehow type in that password to 'unlock' the private key every time the server reboots so that automated toolscan make use of the password-protected keys.[8][3]
Further reading[edit]
- ↑Key Generation
- ↑Michael Stahnke.'Pro OpenSSH'.p. 247.
- ↑ ab'SourceForge.net Documentation: SSH Key Overview'
- ↑'genpkey(1) - Linux man page'
- ↑'Public – Private key encryption using OpenSSL'
- ↑'OpenSSL 1024 bit RSA Private Key Breakdown'
- ↑'DreamHost: Personal Backup'.
- ↑Troy Johnson.'Using Rsync and SSH: Keys, Validating, and Automation'.
- Internet_Technologies/SSH describes how to use 'ssh-keygen' and 'ssh-copy-id' on your local machine so you can quickly and securely ssh from your local machine to a remote host.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Cryptography/Generate_a_keypair_using_OpenSSL&oldid=3622149'
There are numerous articles I’ve written where a certificate is a prerequisite for deploying a piece of infrastructure.
This article will guide you through creating a trusted CA (Certificate Authority), and then using that to sign a server certificate that supports SAN (Subject Alternative Name).
Operationally, having your own trusted CA is advantageous over a self-signed certificate because once you install the CA certificate on a set of corporate/development machines, all the server certificates you issue from that CA will be trusted. If you manage a larger sized internal environment where hosts, services, and containers are in constant flux, this is an operational win.
CA trust also had advantages to self-signed certs because browsers like Chrome 58 and Firefox 48 have limitations on trusting self-signed certificates. The Windows version of Chrome is the only flavor that allows self-signed certs to be imported as a trusted root authority, all other OS do not trust the self-signed certificate. And Firefox allows you to add a permanent exception, but needs a trusted CA in order to show a fully green trust lock icon.
If you just want a self-signed SAN certificate with no backing CA, then read my article here instead, but note that it has limitations that are overcome by using a trusted CA.
Overview
If you are familiar with commercial certificates, you know that a certificate does not live in isolation. It it just the beginning of a chain of trust, where the root certificate is ultimately trusted because it sits on your local system.
We can create a SAN certificate with the same features, issued and signed by a Certificate Authority that we create. This has several benefits:
Ubuntu Openssl Generate Key Pair 1
- Better emulation of production – production certs also consist of a chain
- Ease of administration – once a user trusts our CA, then any other SAN certificate we generate will also be trusted
- Better browser support – not all browsers allow self-signed certs to be added into the trusted root authorities list
In this article, first we will create our own CA (Certificate Authority). Then we will use that CA to create a SAN server certificate that covers “mydomain.com” as well as any of its subdomains, “*.mydomain.com”.
If you want to test the certs we generate here, I would recommend using HAProxy. Here is a page where I describe how to do a quick HAProxy install.
Prerequisite
As a prerequisite, ensure the SSL packages are installed: Advanced mac cleaner startup.
Customized openssl.cnf
The first step is to grab the openssl.cnf template available on your system. On Ubuntu this can be found at “/usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf”. You may find this in “/System/Library/OpenSSL/” on MacOS, and “/etc/pki/tls” on Redhat variants.
https://turtlekeen.weebly.com/the-sims-3-pets-key-generator.html. “$prefix.cnf” needs be modified with the specific information about the cert we are going to generate.
Under the [ v3_ca ] section, add the following values. For the CA, this signifies we are creating a CA that will be used for key signing.
Then under the “[ v3_req ]” section, set the following along with all the valid alternative names for this certificate.
Also uncomment the following line under the “[ req ]” section so that certificate requests are created with v3 extensions.
When we generate each type of key, we specify which extension section we want to use, which is why we can share $prefix.cnf for creating both the CA as well as the SAN certificate.
Create CA certificate
Now we will start using OpenSSL to create the necessary keys and certificates. First generate the private/public RSA key pair:
This encodes the key file using an passphrase based on AES256. Then we need to create the self-signed root CA certificate.
You can verify this root CA certificate using:
This will show the root CA certificate, and the ‘Issuer’ and ‘Subject’ will be the same since this is self-signed. This is flagged as “CA:TRUE” meaning it will be recognized as a root CA certificate; meaning browsers and OS will allow it to be imported into their trusted root certificate store.
Create Server certificate signed by CA
With the root CA now created, we switch over to the server certificate. First generate the private/public RSA key pair:
We didn’t put a passphrase on this key simply because the CA is more valuable target and we can always regenerate the server cert, but feel free to take this extra precaution.
Then create the server cert signing request:
Then generate the server certificate using the: server signing request, the CA signing key, and CA cert.
The “$prefix.key.pem” is the server private key and “$prefix.crt” is the server certificate. Verify the certificate:
This will show the certificate, and the ‘Issuer’ will be the CA name, while the Subject is the prefix. This is not set to be a CA, and the ‘Subject Alternative Name’ field contains the URLs that will be considered valid by browsers.
Server deployment
Servers like HAProxy want the full chain of certs along with private key (server certificate+CA cert+server private key). While Windows IIS wants a .pfx file. Here is how you would generate those files.
Browser Evaluation
When you first point Chrome or Firefox at the site with your SAN cert with CA signing, it will throw the same type of exceptions as a self-signed SAN cert. This is because the root CA cert is not known as a trusted source for signed certificates.
In Chrome settings (chrome://settings), search for “certificates” and click on “Manage Certificates”. On Windows this will open the Windows certificate manager and you should import the “ca.pem” file at the “Trusted Root Certification Authorities” tab. This is equivalent to adding it through mmc.exe, in the “local user” trusted root store (not the computer level). On Linux, Chrome manages its own certificate store and again you should import “ca.pem” into the “Authorities” tab. This should now make the security icon turn green.
In Firefox Options (about:preferences), search for “certificates” and click “View Certificates”. Wbs software project mac os x mindmap. Go to the “Authorities” tab and import “ca.pem”. Check the box to have it trust websites, and now the lock icon should turn green when you visit the page.
Although there is a little friction doing this import, it is a one-time cost because any other certificates that you sign with this CA are now trusted. So if a cert expires and you have to replace it, or you need to change the URLs in a SAN and refresh it, none of the browsers will have an issue with trust.
REFERENCES
https://gist.github.com/jhamrick/ac0404839b5c7dab24b5 (script for CA and SAN) Photo viewer for mac os yosemite.
https://github.com/stanzgy/wiki/blob/master/network/openssl-self-signed-certs-cheatsheet.md (exact commands for CA, intermediate, chain, server cert, validating cert+key)
https://gist.github.com/bitoiu/9e19962b991a71165268 (original source of quick SAN with no intermediate)
https://jamielinux.com/docs/openssl-certificate-authority/create-the-root-pair.html (multiple pages of detailed lead through for CA, intermediate, and cert)
https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/38782/ssl-tls-distinction-between-self-signed-cert-and-self-signed-ca-and-other-que (discussion on CA vs Self signed)
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5244129/use-rsa-private-key-to-generate-public-key (discussion on RSA public/private pair and info inside)
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5935369/ssl-how-do-common-names-cn-and-subject-alternative-names-san-work-together (explains how RFC 6125 from 2011 says SAN checked first)
https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/issues/854 (self signed cert no longer valid chrome 58)
Download nectar toolbar for mac. https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=700595&desc=2 (chrome 58 needs SAN for self-certs)
https://gist.github.com/akailash/7ec96e39d6951dd2293308e1d8055307 (wildcard SAN with CA, also shows how to add as trusted cert at linux level)
https://www.chromium.org/administrators/policy-list-3#EnableCommonNameFallbackForLocalAnchors (temporary workaround for chrome 58)
Ubuntu Openssl Generate Key Pair Number
http://users.skynet.be/pascalbotte/art/server-cert.htm (use Jetty jar to transform pkcs12 to jks java keystore)
NOTES
Ubuntu Openssl Generate Key Pair Key
On Ubuntu, trusted root certificates sit in the directory “/etc/ssl/certs”, and can be updated using “sudo update-ca-certificates”. On Windows it is managed through the MMC Certificate Snap-In.
Vista home premium activation key generator. If you don’t want to manually type the password, you can use passin/passout:
Ubuntu Openssl Generate Key Pair List
Now use that CA to create the root CA certificate.